TOPIC ONE
KINGDOM FUNGI
Member of the kingdom Fungi include fairly familiar organisms such as
mushrooms, toadstools and bracket fungi. There are also less obvious but very
important members such as mold, which grow on bread, ripe fruits and other
food.
THE GENERAL AND DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE KINGDOM
FUNGI
1. Fungi are
found in damp or wet places
2. They have
eukaryotic cells with a rigid protective wall made of chiti
3. They are
heterotrophs, some are saprophytic where others are parasitic
4. They
store food as glycogen
5. They
reproduce using spore
6. They are
non-mobile
1. They have
chitin in their cell wall
2. They have
septate
THE PHYLA OF THE KINGDOM FUNGI
Phyla of
the kingdom fungi
1. Ascomycota
2. Zygomycota
3. Basidiomycota
Ascomycota
Ascomycota are also called sae fungi. They produce
spore in sae-like cell called asei. These spores are called ascopores. Examples
of Ascomycota are bakers‟ yeast, cup fungi and ring worm fungi. scomycota is a division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, form the subkingdom Dikarya.
1. Their
cell wall is not made by chitin but cetin polysaccharide component of
phosphoric acid
2. Have
granulated cytoplasm
4.
Reproduce asexually by budding
and sexually by means of ascospores. Distinctive features
1. Reproduce
sexually by means of ascospores
THE STRUCTURE OF MOSSES
Mosses are small flowerless plants that typically grow in dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady Locations.Mosses are a phylum of non-vascular plants. They produce spores for reproduction instead of seeds and don't grow flowers, wood or true roots. Instead of roots, all species of moss have rhizoids.
MOSSES PLANT at KIBOSHO -UMBWE KILIMANJARO |
Mosses are small, soft plants called bryophytes,
that are typically 1–10 cm (0.4–4 in) tall, though some species are much
larger. They commonly grow close together in clumps or mats in damp or shady
locations. They do not have flowers or seeds, and their simple leaves cover the
thin wiry stems. At certain times mosses produce spore capsules which may
appear as beak-like capsules borne aloft on thin stalks.
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF MOSSES
On the advantage side, it can help to hold the
bonsai soilin place and prevent it from washing out of the container. Moss can
increase the water retention capability of the soil by slowing evaporation.
On the disadvantage side, a thick carpet of moss
can reduce the diffusion of gases into the soil and to the roots, which can
result in root rotor poor drainage conditions. Moss can grow up onto the
surface roots and trunk of your bonsai, and soften their bark, promoting its
decay.
FERN
A fern is a member of a group of vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients, in having branched stems and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase
Division
Filicinophyta (Pteridophyta)
FERN PLANT |
General
and Distinctive Features of the Division Filicinophyta
Explain general and distinctive features of the
division Filicinophyta
This division was formerly called Pteridophyta. The
division Filicinpphyta includes a group of primitive vascular plants. The adult
plant body in these plants is a sporophyte. It shows differentiation into true
roots, stems and leaves. The stem is mostly herbaceous. Leaves may be smaller
or larger. Vascular tissues are present in all the vegetative parts of the
plant body.
Characteristics of division Filicinophyta
Members
of this kingdom include horsetails, ferns and mosses.
1.
Reproduction involves production
of spores inside special structures called sporangia which occur on the
underside of the leaves called sporophylls. Sprangia may sometimes be found in
groups called sori.
2.
The plants may be homosporous -
producing only one type of spore or heterosporous -producing two different
types of spores; smaller microspores and larger megaspores.
3. They are
seedless vascular plants, which contain vascular tissues but do not produce
seeds.
The
Structure of Ferns
Describe the structure of Ferns
Ferns are intermediate in complexity between the more primitive
bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) and the more advanced seed
plants. Like bryophytes, ferns reproduce sexually by making spores rather than
seeds. Most ferns produce spores on the underside or margin of their leaves.
Like seed plants, ferns have stems with a vascular system for efficient
transport of water and food. Ferns also have leaves, known technically as
megaphylls, with a complex system of branched veins.
In general, ferns consist of the
following structures:
Fronds
The frond is the "leaf" of a fern. It is divided into two main
parts, the stipe (leaf stalk or petiole)and the blade (the leafy expanded
portion of the frond).
Rhizomes
Rhizomes would be comparable to "stems" in the flowering
plants. Fronds arise from therhizome. In some epiphytic ferns (ferns that grow
on trees) and in terrestrial creeping ferns therhizome roams widely and is
quite visible.
The rhizome contains the conducting tissues (xylem and phloem) and the
strengthening tissues(sclerenchyma fibres). The conducting tissue, known as the
vascular bundle, carries the water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the
plant.
Roots
Roots are formed from the rhizomes or sometimes from the stipe. The
roots usually do not divide once they grow from the rhizome. Tree fern roots
grow down from the crown and help thicken and strengthen the trunk. The roots
anchor the plant to the ground and absorb water and minerals.
Sporangia
The sporangia are the reproductive structures of the ferns and fern
allies. They produce the dust like spores that are the "seeds" by
which ferns are propagated. Several sporangia grouped together are called a
sorus. Most ferns have their sporangia on the underside of the frond,
arranged
in an organized pattern usually associated with veins in the pinnule (leaf).
Many times(but not always) the ferns provide a protective covering for the
sorus called an indusium
Spores
The
"seeds" of the ferns and fern allies are called spores. Normally they
are formed in groups of four. Spores contain oil droplets and sometimes
chlorophyll in their nucleus.
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